From a town to an attraction: the transformation of Ohrid, North Macedonia

Contenido principal del artículo

Biljana Petrevska
Noga Collins-Kreiner

Resumen

De una ciudad a una atracción: la transformación de Ohrid, Macedonia del Norte

Este artículo evalúa las diferentes fuerzas involucradas en la formación de la ciudad de Ohrid (Macedonia del Norte) y demuestra la forma en que la ciudad se ha transformado por el desarrollo turístico. Como una ciudad post-socialista, el desarrollo de Ohrid tiene características únicas en términos de paisaje, dinámicas económicas y dimensiones funcionales. El objetivo del estudio se ha conseguido mediante un análisis de la validez y aplicación del modelo de ciclo de vida del destino turístico (CVDT) con respecto a la evolución del desarrollo turístico específicamente en Ohrid y en otras ciudades en general. El artículo destaca la conexión entre el contexto urbano de la ciudad y el desarrollo turístico. Los hallazgos indican que Ohrid actualmente está en su fase de desarrollo y que su curva de ciclo de vida muestra una secuencia de doble ciclo, lo que significa que Ohrid está atrayendo a muchos visitantes, alcanzando la etapa de madurez turística. Desde una perspectiva práctica, el estudio revela una falta de planificación urbana y desarrollo turístico descontrolado.



Descargas

La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Petrevska, B., & Collins-Kreiner, N. (2019). From a town to an attraction: the transformation of Ohrid, North Macedonia. Boletín De La Asociación De Geógrafos Españoles, (83). https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2808

Bibliografía

Aleksova, A., & Miranda, M. (2017). Towards people-centered approaches in the management of the natural and cultural heritage of the Ohrid region world heritage site. In International Conference Proceedings World Heritage Theory, Policy and Practice (pp. 9-27). BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, April 12–14.

Argarwal, S. (1997). The resort cycle and seaside tourism: An assessment of its applicability and validity. Tourism Management, 18(3), 65–73.

Argarwal, S. (2002). Restructuring Seaside Tourism: The Resort Life-Cycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 25–35.

Argarwal, S. (2006). Coastal Resort Restructuring and the TALC. In R. W. Butler (Ed), The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues (pp. 201–218). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.

Ashworth, G. J., & Tunbridge, J. E. (2000). The tourist-historic city: Retrospect and prospect of managing the heritage city. Amsterdam: Pergamon.

Baum, T. (1998). Taking the exit route: Extending the tourism area life cycle model. Current Issues in Tourism, 1(2), 167–175.

Ballantyne, R., Hughes, K., Ding, P., & Liu, D. (2014). Chinese and international visitor perceptions of interpretation at Beijing built heritage sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5), 705–725.

Bellini, N., & Pasquinelli, C. (2016). Tourism in the City: Towards an integrative agenda on urban tourism. Cham: Springer.

Ben-Dahlia, S., Collins-Kreiner, N., & Churchman, A. (2013). Evaluation of an Urban Tourism Destination. Tourism Geographies, 15(2), 233–249.

Benedek, J., & Moldovan, A. (2015). Economic convergence and polarisation: Towards a multi-dimensional approach. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 64(3), 187–203.

Berki, M. (2014). Return to the road of capitalism: Recapitulating the post-socialist urban transition. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 63(3), 319–334.

Berry, E. N. (2001). An Application of Butler’s (1980) Tourism Area Life Cycle Theory to the Cairns Region, Australia 1876–1998 (Doctoral dissertation, Cairns, James Cook University, Australia) (Unpublished).

Berry, T. (2011). The predictive potential of the TALC model. In R. Butler (Ed), The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Conceptual and theoretical issues (pp. 254–279). Channel View Publications.

Boley, B. B., McGehee, N. G., Perdue, R. R., & Long, P. (2014). Empowerment and resident attitudes toward tourism: Strengthening the theoretical foundation through a Weberian lens. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 33–50.

Brade, I., Herfert, G., & Wiest, K. (2009). Recent trends and future prospects of sociospatial differentiation in urban regions of Central and East Europe: A lull before the storm? Cities, 26(5), 233–244.

Brooker, E., & Burgess, J. (2008). Marketing destination Niagara effectively through the tourism life cycle. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(3), 278–292.

Bowden, T. (2007, October 5). Ohrid. In Commons Wiki Media. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kale_Hillside.jpg

Butler, R. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution. Implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5–12.

Butler, R. W. (2000). The resort cycle two decades on. In B. Faulkner, G. Moscardo, & E. Laws (Eds), Tourism in the 21st century: Reflections on experience (pp. 284–299). New York: Addison Wesley Longman.

Butler, R. W. (2009). Tourism in the future: Cycles, waves or wheels? Futures, 41(6), 346–352.

Butler, R. (2012). Mature Tourist Destination: Can we recapture and retain the magic?. In F. Vera, & I. Rodriguez (Ed), Renovación y reestructuración de destinos turísticos en áreas costeras. Marco de analisis, procesos, instrumentos y realidades (pp. 19–36). Valencia.

Byers, J. (2016). Is “overtourism” killing popular travel destinations? Retrieved from http://jimbyerstravel.com/2016/12/16/is-overtourism-killing-popular-travel-destinations/

Candela, G., & Figini, P. (2012). The Economics of Tourism Destinations. Springer-Verlag Publications.

Canestrelli, E., & Costa, P. (1991). Tourist carrying capacity: A fuzzy approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(2), 295–311.

Cohen, E. (1972). Towards a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 39, 164–182.

Cohen-Hattab, K., & Shoval, N. (2015). Tourism, religion and pilgrimage in Jerusalem. London: Routledge.

Coldwell, W. (2017, August 10). First Venice and Barcelona: Now anti-tourism marches spread across Europe. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/aug/10/anti-tourism-marches-spread-across-europe-venice-barcelona

Coldwell, W. (2018, August 16). Wish you weren’t here: How the tourist boom–and selfies–are threatening Britain’s beauty spots. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/aug/16/wish-you-werent-here-how-the-tourist-boom-and-selfies-are-thretening-britains-beauty-spots

Choy, D. J. L. (1992). Life Cycle Models for Pacific Island Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 30(3), 26–32.

De Camillis, C., Raggi, A., & Petti, L. (2010). Tourism LCA: state-of-the-art and perspectives. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15(2), 148–155.

Dioko, A. N. (2017). The problem of rapid tourism growth: An overview of the strategic question. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 9(3), 252–259.

Edwards, D., Grifinn, T., & Hayllar, B. (2008). Urban tourism research – Developing an agenda. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(4), 1032–1052.

Eldridge, A. (2010). The urban renaissance and the night-time economy: Who belongs to the city at night. In T. Manzi, K. Lucas, T. L. Jones & J. Allen (Eds.), Social sustainability in urban areas, communities, connectivity and the urban fabric (pp. 712–726). London: Earthscan.

Fainstein, S. S., & Judd, R. D. (1999). Global forces, local strategies and urban tourism. In D. R. Judd & S. S. Fainstein (Eds.), The Tourist City (pp. 1–20). New Haven: Yale University Press.

Filipovski, J. (2005). Ohridskoto stopanstvo. Združenie za nauka, kultura i umetnost Kliment Ohridski – Ohrid: Ohrid.

Foster, D. M., & Murphy, P. (1991). Resort cycle revisited-the retirement connection. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(4), 553–67.

Garay, L., & Cànoves, G. (2011). Life cycles, stages and tourism history: The Catalonia (Spain) Experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 651–671.

Gartner, W., & Shen, J. (1992). The Impact of Tiananmen Square on China’s Tourism Image. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 47–52.

Getz, D. (1992). Tourism planning and destination lifecycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 752–770.

Goodwin, H. (2016). A new challenge “overtourism” In Responsible Tourism Blog. Retrieved from http://news.wtm.com/a-new-challenge-overtourism/

Google Maps (2019). Satellite map. Retrieved from

https://satellites.pro/Macedonia_map#41.111041,20.799336,16

Government of the Republic of Macedonia (2016). National Strategy on Tourism Development 2016–2021. Skopje.

Haywood, K. M. (1986). Can the tourist-area life cycle be made operational? Tourism Management, 7(3), 154–167.

Hoffman, L. M., Judd, D. R., & Fainstein, S. S. (Eds.). (2003). Cities and visitors: Regulating people, markets, and city space. Oxford: Blackwell.

Hollier, R. (1991). Conflict in the Gulf. Tourism Management, 12(1), 2–4.

Hovinen, G, R. (2002). Revisiting the destination lifecycle model. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 209–230.

Hughes, N. (2018). ‘Tourists go home’: Anti-tourism industry protest in Barcelona. Social Movement Studies, 17(4), 471–477.

Ioannides, D., & Apostolopoulos, Y. (1999). Political Instability, War and Tourism in Cyprus: Effects, Management and Prospects for Recovery. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 51–56.

Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism Planning – An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Monuments and the Museum of Ohrid (1991). Decision on permanent return of the cultural landmarks to the Church, (in Macedonian), Executive Council of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, No. 23–212/1 dated 24.01.1991, released in Official Gazette No. 6/21.

Jenkins, C. L., & Henry, B. M. (1982). Government involvement in tourism in developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(4), 499–521.

Jordan, P. (2016). Overtourism in European Cities: The Pressure is On. Retrieved from http://www.toposophy.com/insights/insight/?bid=432

Judd, R. D. (1999). Constructing the tourist bubble. In D. R. Judd & S. S. Fainstein (Eds.), The Tourist City (pp. 35–53). New Haven: Yale University Press.

Judd, D. R. (2003). The infrastructure of play: Building the tourist city. New York, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

Judd, D. R., & Fainstein, S. S. (1999). The tourist city. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Koens, K., Postma, A., & Papp, B. (2018). Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10, 43–84.

Kozak, M., & Martin, D. (2012). Tourism life cycle and sustainability analysis: Profit-focused strategies for mature destinations. Tourism Management, 33(1), 188–194.

Knowles, T., & Curtis, S. (1999). The Market Viability of European Mass Tourism Destinations. A Post-Stagnation Life-Cycle Analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(2), 87–96.

Kuščer, K., & Mihalič, T. (2019). Resident’s attitudes towards overtourism from perspective of tourism impacts and cooperation – The case of Ljubljana. Sustainability, 11, 18–23.

Kuzman, P., Serafimova A., Popovska-Korobar V., Tričkovska J., Angeličin-Žura, G., Georgievski M. & Pavlov Z. (2009). Macedonian Cultural Heritage: OHRID World Heritage Site. Venice: UNESCO, Skopje: Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Macedonia-Cultural Heritage Protection Office.

Lagiewski, K. M. (2006). The application of the TALC model: A literature survey. In R. W. Butler (Ed.), The Tourism Area Life Cycle, Vol. 1: Applications and Modifications (pp. 27–50). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.

Law, C. M. (1993). Urban tourism: Attracting visitors to large cities. London: Mansell.

Law, M. C. (1996). Tourism in Major Cities. London: International Thomson Business Press.

LED – Local Economic Development Unit of the Municipality of Ohrid (2018). Categorization of hotel establishments in Ohrid. Ohrid.

Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(6), 459–475.

MANU (2009). Makedonska enciklopedija [In Macedonian]. Skopje.

Mansfeld, Y. (1996). Wars, Tourism and the “Middle East” Factor. In Pizam and Mansfeld (Eds.), Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues (pp. 265–278). New York: Wiley.

Mansfeld, Y. (1999). Cycles of War, Terror and Peace: Determinants and Management of Crisis and Recovery of the Israeli Tourism Industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 30–36.

Maitland, R., & Newman, P. (Eds.). (2009). World tourism cities: Developing tourism off the beaten track. Abingdon: Routledge.

Marcinczak, S., & Sagan, I. (2011). The socio-spatial restructuring of Lodz, Poland. Urban Studies, 48(9), 1789–1809.

Martin, B. S., & Uysal, M. (1990). An examination of the relationship between carrying capacity and the tourism lifecycle: Management and policy implications. Journal of Environmental Management, 31(4), 327–333.

Martín Martín, J., Guaita Martínez, J., & Salinas Fernández, J. (2018). An analysis of the factors behind the citizen’s attitude of rejection towards tourism in a context of overtourism and economic dependence on this activity. Sustainability, 10(8), 28–51.

Mitrovic, N. (2015). Fotografijata kako istorisko svedostvo za gradot Ohrid vo periodot 1913–1991. Kosta Abras, Ohrid.

Muler Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L., & Galí, N. (2018). Overtourism: residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity – case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3), 277–296.

Nations Online Project (n.d.). Political Map of Macedonia [map]. Retrieved from https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/macedonia-political-map.htm

Nikoljski Panevski, E., & Karanakov, V. (2013). Portals and doors in traditional Ohrid architecture. Wood, Design & Technology, 12(1), 16–27.

Ohridski, N. (2011, June 26) [1973]. Ohrid vo 197. In Commons Wiki Media. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Originalslika-1973_(5874313253).jpg

Page, S. J. (1995). Urban tourism. London: Routledge.

Panayiotopoulos, A., & Pisano, C. (2019). Overtourism dystopias and socialist utopias: towards an urban armature for Dubrovnik. Tourism Planning & Development, 6(4), 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1569123

Peeters, P. M., Gössling, S., Klijs, J., Milano, C., Novelli, M., Dijkmans, C. H. S., ... Postma, A. (2018). Research for TRAN Committee - Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses. Brussels: European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, Transport and Tourism.

Perić, M., Ðurkin, J., & Wise, N. (2016). Leveraging small-scale sport events: Challenges of organising, delivering and managing sustainable outcomes in rural communities, the case of Gorski Kotar, Croatia. Sustainability, 8, 13–37.

Perdue, R. R., Long, P.T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), 586–599.

Petrevska, B., & Collins-Kreiner, N. (2017). Double Life Cycle: Determining Tourism Development in Macedonia. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 15(4), 319–338.

Petrevska, B. (2012). Tourism contribution to regional development: best practice in Macedonia. Journal of Community Positive Practices, 12(3/2012), 425–440.

Petrevska, B. (2015). Effects of tourism seasonality at local level. Scientific Annals of the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasy, Economic Sciences Series, 62(2), 241–250.

Petrevska, B. (2019). Tourists’ perception: the case of Ohrid, Macedonia. Acta Geobalcanica, 5(2), 75–84.

Petrovski, Z., & Talevski, S. (2004). The Mirror of the Macedonian Spirit. Napredok.

Richter, L. (1992). Political Instability and Tourism in the Third World. In D. Harrison (Ed.), Tourism and the Less Developed Countries (pp. 35–46). New York: Wiley.

Richter, L. (1999). After Political Turmoil: The Lessons of Rebuilding Tourism in Three Asian Countries. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 41–45.

Rink, D. R., & Swan, J. E. (1979). Product life cycle research: A literature review. Journal of Business Research, 7(3), 219–242.

Roberts, M. (2009). Planning, urban design and the night-time city: Still at the margins? Criminology & Criminal Justice, 9(4), 487–507.

Roberts, M., Turner, C., Greeneld, S., & Osborn, G. (2006). A continental ambience? Lessons in managing alcohol-related evening and night-time entertainment from four European capitals. Urban Studies, 43(7), 1105–1125.

Romão, J., Guerreiro, J. & Rodrigues, P. (2013). Regional tourism development: culture, nature, life cycle and attractiveness. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(6), 517–534.

Rosenow, J. E., & Pulsipher, G. L. (1979). Tourism the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Media Productions & Marketing: Lincoln, NE, USA.

Russo, A. P. (2001). The ‘Vicious Circle’ of tourism development in historic cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 165–182.

Russo, A. P., & Van Der Borg, J. (2002). Planning considerations for cultural tourism: a case study of four European cities. Tourism Management, 23(6), 631–637.

Sartori, G. (1994). Compare Why and How: Comparing, Miscomparing and the Comparative Method. In M. Dogan & A. Kazancigli (Eds.), Comparing nations: Concepts, strategies, substance (pp. 14–34). Oxford: Blackwell.

Seddighi, H., Nuttall, M., & Theocharous, A. (2001). Does Cultural Background of Tourists Influence the Destination Choice? An Empirical Study with Special Reference to Political Instability. Tourism Management, 22(2), 181–191.

Seraphin, H., Sheeran, P., & Pilato, M. (2018). Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 374–376.

Shoval, N. (2018). Tourism and Urban Planning in European Cities. UK: Routledge.

Smith, M., Egedy, T., Csizmady, A., Jancsik, A., Olt, G., & Michalkó, G. (2018). Non-planning and tourism consumption in Budapest's inner city, Tourism Geographies, 20(3), 524–548.

Spirou, C. (2011). Urban tourism and urban change: Cities in a global economy. New York: Routledge.

State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia (2018). Statistical Yearbook for 2017 [on-line data base]. Skopje. Retrieved from http://makstat.stat.gov.mk/

Teye, V. (1986). Liberation Wars and Tourism Development in Africa: The Case of Zambia. Annals of Tourism Research, 13(4), 589–608.

UNESCO (2015). Retrospective Statement of Outstanding Universal Values for the World Heritage Property “Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region“. (Doc WHC–39 COM 8E). Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

UNESCO (2019). Convention concerning the protection of the World cultural and natural heritage, (Doc WHC/19/43.COM/18). Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

Upchurch, R.S., & Teivane, U. (2000). Resident perceptions of tourism development in Riga, Latvia. Tourism Management, 21, 499–507.

VALICON (2017). Residents’ attitudes towards tourism in Ljubljana; Report, based on research TLJ104. Tourism Ljubljana: Ljubljana, Slovenia.

van der Borg, J., Costa, P., & Gotti, G. (1996). Tourism in European heritage cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 306–321.

van de Ven, A. H. (2007). Engaged Scholarship: A Guide for Organizational and Social Research. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.

Vankovska, B., & Wiberg, H. (2003). Between Past and Future: Civil-Military Relations in Post-Communist Balkan states, Tom 17. I. B. Taurus.

Wall, G. (1996). Terrorism and Tourism: An Overview and an Irish Example. In A. Pizam & Y. Mansfeld (Eds.), Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues (pp. 143–158). New York: Wiley.

Weaver, D. (2006). The ‘plantation’ variant of the TALC in the small-island Caribbean. In R. Butler (Ed.), The tourism area life cycle, Vol. 1: Applications and modifications (pp. 185–197). Clevedon: Channel View.

Weber, F., Stettler, J., Priskin, J., Rosenberg-Taufer, B., Ponnapureddy, S., Fux, S., Camp, M-A., & Barth, M. (2017). Tourism destinations, under pressure: Challenges and innovation solutions. Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts.

Wiest, K. (2012). Comparative debates in post-socialist urban studies. Urban Geography, 33(6), 829–849.

WEF – World Economic Forum. (2017). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017: Paving the way for a more sustainable and inclusive future. Geneva.

WTTC – World Travel & Tourism Council. (2018). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2018: Macedonia. London: WTTC.

Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research: Design and methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Zhang, H. Q., King C., & Ap, J. (1999). An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China. Tourism Management, 20(4), 471–485.

Zhang, C., & Xiao, C. (2014). Destination development in China: Towards an effective model of explanation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(2), 214–233.

Zhong, L., Deng, J., & Xiang, B. (2008). Tourism development and the tourism area life-cycle model: A case study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China. Tourism Management, 29(5), 841–856.