Indicators for measuring urban environmental equity: a scoping review
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Aplicación de indicadores para medir la equidad ambiental urbana: una revisión de alcance
Reducir la inequidad ambiental urbana es uno de los objetivos principales para avanzar hacia ciudades más sostenibles. Esta situación implica desarrollar herramientas que permitan evaluar los impactos ambientales y sociales de forma integrada y así evidenciar las desigualdades en la distribución de los recursos y riesgos ambientales. La aplicación de indicadores a través del uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y herramientas estadísticas puede ser una opción válida para cumplir este propósito, dado que permite mostrar los patrones territoriales en las disparidades. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y clasificar los indicadores de equidad ambiental aplicados hasta el momento en estudios que utilicen métodos estadísticos y SIG para su procesamiento y análisis. Así, se realizó una scoping review utilizando el Framework SALSA y el protocolo PRISMA extension for scoping reviews a partir de las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science y Scielo. Se identificaron un total de 31 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de búsqueda y que fueron desarrollados en su mayoría por países de Norteamérica y Europa. Implicaron a 167 indicadores diferentes que evidencian la complejidad y heterogeneidad en el abordaje del tema. Aspectos negativos del ambiente como la contaminación, y factores sociales como el estatus socioeconómico, fueron los más utilizados.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Bibliografía
Anguelovsky, I. (2020, September 21-25). Por una justicia ambiental urbana y feminista. Curso 'El feminismo después de la pandemia. Instituto de la Mujer y para la Igualdad de Oportunidades y Centro de Estudios de Género de la UNED. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBzt34L9iuo
Arias, F.G. (2006). El proyecto de Investigación 5ta edición. Editorial Episteme.
Baró, F., Calderón-Argelich, A., Langemeyer, J., & Connolly, J.J.T. (2019). Under one canopy? assessing the distributional environmental justice implications of street tree benefits in Barcelona. Environmental Science and Policy, 102, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.08.016
Barzyk, T.M., White, B.M., Millard, M., Martin, M., Perlmutt, L.D., Harris, F., Nguyen, P., Walts, A., & Geller, A. (2011). Linking socio-economic status, adverse health outcome, and environmental pollution information to develop a set of environmental justice indicators with three case study applications. Environmental Justice, 4(3), 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2010.0047
Bellini, J.H., Stephan, Í.I.C., & Gleriani, J.M. (2016). The environmental inequality analysis in Rio das Ostras-Rj, Brazil, using AHP (analitic hierarchy process) technique. RA’E GA - O Espaco Geografico em Analise, 38, 82-106. https://doi.org/10.5380/raega.v38i0.42051
Bonilla-Bedoya, S., Estrella, A., Santos, F., & Herrera, M.A. (2020). Forests and urban green areas as tools to address the challenges of sustainability in Latin American urban socio-ecological systems. Applied Geography,125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102343
Bosisio, A., & Moreno Jimenez, A. (2019). Measuring environmental injustice on vulnerable and deprived populations caused by pluvial waterlogging: a GIS-based analysis in Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz (Argentina). Estudios Geograficos, 80(287). https://doi.org/10.3989/estgeogr.201937.017
Branis, M., & Linhartova, M. (2012). Association between unemployment, income, education level, population size and air pollution in Czech cities: Evidence for environmental inequality? A pilot national scale analysis. Health and Place, 18(5), 1110-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.04.011
Carrier, M., Apparicio, P., Séguin, A.-M., & Crouse, D. (2014). Ambient air pollution concentration in montreal and environmental equity: Are children at risk at school? Case Studies on Transport Policy, 2(2), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2014.06.003
Carrier, M., Apparicio, P., Kestens, Y., Seguin, A.-M., Pham, H., Crouse, D., & Siemiatycki, J. (2016). Application of a Global Environmental Equity Index in Montreal: Diagnostic and Further Implications. Annals of The American Association of Geographers, 106(6), 1268-1285. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1197766
Carrier, M., Apparicio, P., Séguin, A.-M., & Crouse, D. (2019). School locations and road transportation nuisances in Montreal: An environmental equity diagnosis. Transport Policy, 81, 302-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.09.010
Chakraborty, J. (2020). Unequal Proximity to Environmental Pollution: An Intersectional Analysis of People with Disabilities in Harris County, Texas. Professional Geographer, 72(4), 521-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2020.1787181
Cushing, L., Faust, J., August, L.M., Cendak, R., Wieland, W., & Alexeeff, G. (2015). Racial/ethnic disparities in cumulative environmental health impacts in California: Evidence from a statewide environmental justice screening tool (CalEnviroScreen 1.1). American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), 2341-2348. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302643
Cárdenas, F., Escobar, F., & Gutiérrez, K. (2020a). Territorial equity in Medellin: public space, natural hazards and air quality. Estudios Socioterritoriales, (27). https://doi.org/10.37838/unicen/est.27-046
Fernández, I.C., & Wu, J. (2016). Assessing environmental inequalities in the city of Santiago (Chile) with a hierarchical multiscale approach. Applied Geography, 74, 160-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.07.012
Fernández, I.C., & Wu, J. (2018a). A GIS-based framework to identify priority areas for urban environmental inequity mitigation and its application in Santiago de Chile. Applied Geography, 94, 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.03.019
Flacke, J., Schuele, S.A., Koeckler, H., & Bolte, G. (2016). Mapping environmental inequalities relevant for health for informing urban planning interventions-a case study in the city of Dortmund, Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070711
Gandy Jr., O.H. (2013). Wedging equity and environmental justice into the discourse on sustainability. TripleC, 11(1), 221-236. https://doi.org/10.31269/vol11iss1pp221-236
Grant, M.J., & A. Booth. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 26, 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
Greenberg, M.R. (2021). Environmental and Social Justice on the Border of Five Major U.S. Cities. Environmental Justice, 14(4), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2020.0058
Greene, C. S., Robinson, P. J., & Millward, A. A. (2018). Canopy of advantage: Who benefits most from city trees? Journal of Environmental Management, 208, 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.015
Grineski, S.E., Collins, T. W., Ford, P., Fitzgerald, R., Aldouri, R., Velazquez-Angulo, G., Romo Aguilar, M., & Lu, D. (2012). Climate change and environmental injustice in a bi-national context. Applied Geography, 33(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.05.013
Hoelzl, S.E., Veskov, M., Scheibner, T., Le, T.T., & Kleinschmit, B. (2021). Vulnerable socioeconomic groups are disproportionately exposed to multiple environmental burden in Berlin –implications– for planning. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 13(2), 334-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.1904246
Joseph, M., Wang, F., & Wang, L. (2014). GIS-based assessment of urban environmental quality in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Habitat International, 41, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.06.009
Ju, Y., Moran, M., Wang, X., Avila-Palencia, I., Cortinez-O'Ryan, A., Moore, K., Slovic, A.D., Sarmiento, O.L., Gouveia, N., Caiaffa, W.T., Aguilar, G.A.S., Sales, D. M., Pina, M.D.F.R.P.D., Coelho, D.M., & Dronova, I. (2021). Latin American cities with higher socioeconomic status are greening from a lower baseline: Evidence from the SALURBAL project. Environmental Research Letters, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2a63
Kolosna, C., & Spurlock, D. (2019). Uniting geospatial assessment of neighborhood urban tree canopy with plan and ordinance evaluation for environmental justice. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 40, 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.11.010
Lejeune, Z., & Teller, J. (2016). Incentives and barriers to environmental inequality mobilization: A case-study analysis in Wallonia, Belgium. Environmental Science and Policy, 66, 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.07.016
Machado, H. (2017). “América Latina” y la Ecología Política del Sur. Luchas de re-existencia, revolución epistémica y migración civilizatoria. in H. Alimonda, P. Toro & F. Matín (Coords.), Ecología política latinoamericana: pensamiento crítico, diferencia latinoamericana y rearticulación epistémica, 2 (pp. 193-224). CLACSO, Universidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.
Merlinsky, G. (2017). Los movimientos de justicia ambiental y la defensa de lo común en América Latina. Cinco tesis en elaboración. In H. Alimonda, P. Toro, & F. Matín (Coords), Ecología política latinoamericana: pensamiento crítico, diferencia latinoamericana y rearticulación epistémica, 2 (pp. 241-264). CLACSO, Universidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.
Mitchell, B.C., Chakraborty, J., & Basu, P. (2021). Social inequities in urban heat and greenspace: analyzing climate justice in Delhi, India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094800
Moreno Jiménez, A. (2013). Población y polución atmosférica intraurbana por dióxido de nitrógeno. Cuadernos Geográficos, 52(1), 84-107. https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/cuadgeo/article/view/927.
Morrison, S., Fordyce, F.M., & Scott, E.M. (2014). An initial assessment of spatial relationships between respiratory cases, soil metal content, air quality and deprivation indicators in Glasgow, Scotland, UK: Relevance to the environmental justice agenda. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 36(2), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-013-9565-4
Mullin, K., Mitchell, G., Nawaz, N.R., & Waters, R.D. (2018). Natural capital and the poor in England: Towards an environmental justice analysis of ecosystem services in a high-income country. Landscape and Urban Planning, 176, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.03.022
Nesbitt, L., Meitner, M.J., Girling, C., Sheppard, S.R.J., & Lu, Y. (2019). Who has access to urban vegetation? A spatial analysis of distributional green equity in 10 US cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 181, 51-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.08.007
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., Brennan, S.E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J.M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M.M., Li, T., Loder, E.W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness L.A., Stewart L.A., Thomas J., Tricco A.C., Welch V.A., Whiting P., & Moher, D. (2020). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372(71). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pérez-Rincón, M. (2018). La Justicia Ambiental como línea estratégica de la Economía Ecológica: ¿cómo evidenciar las injusticias ambientales? Gestión y Ambiente, 21(1supl), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.15446/ga.v21n1supl.75742
Petroni, M., Howard, S., Howell, I. B., & Collins, M.B. (2021). NYenviroScreen: An open-source data driven method for identifying potential environmental justice communities in New York State. Environmental Science and Policy, 124, 348-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.004
Pineda-Pinto, M, Herreros-Cantis, P., McPhearson, T., Frantzeskaki, N., Wang, J., & Zhou, W. (2021). Examining ecological justice within the social-ecological-technological system of New York City, USA. Landscape and Urban Planning, 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104228
Pineda-Pinto, M., Nygaard, C.A., Chandrabose, M., & Frantzeskaki, N. (2021). Mapping social-ecological injustice in Melbourne, Australia: An innovative systematic methodology for planning just cities. Land Use Policy, 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105361
Portelli, M.-S., Conrad, E., & Galdies, C. (2020). Developing an environmental justice index for small island states: The case of Malta. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229519
Prieto-Flores, M.E., Moreno Jiménez, A., Gómez-Barroso, D., Cañada Torrecilla, R., & Martínez Suárez, P. (2017). Contaminación del aire, mortalidad cardiovascular y grupos vulnerables en Madrid: Un estudio exploratorio desde la perspectiva de la justicia ambiental. Scripta Nova, 21. https://doi.org/10.1344/sn2017.21.18008
Romero-Lankao, P., Qin, H., & Borbor-Cordova, M. (2013). Exploration of health risks related to air pollution and temperature in three Latin American cities. Social Science and Medicine, 83, 110-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.009
Rufat, S., & Marcińczak, S. (2020). The equalising mirage? Socioeconomic segregation and environmental justice in post-socialist Bucharest. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 35(3), 917-938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09722-7
Sadd, J.L., Pastor, M., Morello-Frosch, R., Scoggins, J., & Jesdale, B. (2011a). Playing it safe: Assessing cumulative impact and social vulnerability through an environmental justice screening method in the South Coast Air Basin, California. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(5), 1441-1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8051441
Sanchez, G.M., Nejadhashemi, A.P., Zhang, Z., Woznicki, S.A., Habron, G., Marquart-Pyatt, S., & Shortridge, A. (2013). Development of a socio-ecological environmental justice model for watershed-based management. Journal of Hydrology, 518(PA), 162-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.08.014
Shrestha, R., Flacke, J., Martinez, J., & Van Maarseveen, M. (2016). Environmental health related socio-spatial inequalities: Identifying “hotspots” of environmental burdens and social vulnerability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070691
Su, J. G., Jerrett, M., Morello-Frosch, R., Jesdale, B.M., & Kyle, A.D. (2012). Inequalities in cumulative environmental burdens among three urbanized counties in California. Environment International, 40(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.003
Tricco, A.C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K.K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M.D.J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E.A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M.G., Garritty, C., Lewin, S., Godfrey, C.M., Macdonald, M.T., Langlois, E.V., Soares-Weiser, K., Moriarty, J., Clifford, T., Tunçalp, Ö., & Straus, S.E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850.
Tonne, C., Milà, C., Fecht, D., Alvarez, M., Gulliver, J., Smith, J., Beevers, S., Ross Anderson, H., & Kelly, F. (2018). Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in exposure to air and noise pollution in London. Environment International, 115, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.023
UN-Habitat (2014). Construction of more equitable cities: Public policies for inclusion in Latin America. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://unhabitat.org/construction-of-more-equitable-cities
Verbeek, T. (2019). Unequal residential exposure to air pollution and noise: A geospatial environmental justice analysis for Ghent, Belgium. SSM - Population Health, 7, 100340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.100340
Wandersee, S.M., An, L., López-Carr, D., & Yang, Y. (2012). Perception and decisions in modeling coupled human and natural systems: A case study from Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, China. Ecological Modelling, 229, 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.08.004
Wu, J. (2014). Urban ecology and sustainability: The state-of-the-science and future directions. Landscape and urban planning, 125, 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.018
Zhang, X., Zhao, K., & Jennings Jr., E.T. (2016). Empirical Evidence and Determinants of Region-Based Environmental Injustice in China: Does Environmental Public Service Level Make a Difference?. Social Science Quarterly, 97(5), 1082-1095. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12288