Gentrification in the Global South: new insights from Chinese Studies

Main Article Content

Haotian Guan
Huhua Cao

Abstract

Following the introduction of the “gentrification” concept by Ruth Glass in 1964, Anglo-Saxon urban geographers have extensively studied the process and phenomenon of gentrification. In recent years, gentrification studies have moved beyond the Anglo-Saxon academic field.  This paper aims to review the current stage of English-Language gentrification studies about China. Using the case of China, the paper argues that gentrification can be generalized to a universally applied paradigm. However, the challenges of studying gentrification in any country are to transfer and adapt the broad paradigm that could capture the complexities of local conditions. Scholars studying gentrification in China have recognized the local and national differences that are specific to China and have worked out to establish their own theories.



Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Guan, H., & Cao, H. (2020). Gentrification in the Global South: new insights from Chinese Studies. Boletín De La Asociación Española De Geografía, (87). https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.3055

References

Aalbers, M. B. (2019). Introduction To The Forum: From Third To Fifth-Wave Gentrification. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 110(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12332

Aalbers, M. B., & Christophers, B. (2014). Centring Housing in Political Economy. Housing, Theory and Society, 31(4), 373-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2014.947082

Arkaraprasertkul, N. (2018). Gentrifying heritage: how historic preservation drives gentrification in urban Shanghai. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 25(9), 882-896. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1460732

Atkinson, R. (2008). Commentary: Gentrification, Segregation and the Vocabulary of Affluent Residential Choice. Urban Studies, 45(12), 2626-2636. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008097110

Banzhaf, H. S., & Walsh, R. P. (2008). Do People Vote with Their Feet? An Empirical Test of Tiebout. American Economic Review, 98(3), 843-863. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.3.843

Betancur, J. J. (2014). Gentrification in Latin America: Overview and Critical Analysis. Urban Studies Research, (2014), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/986961

Cameron, S. (2003). Gentrification, Housing Redifferentiation and Urban Regeneration: 'Going for Growth' in Newcastle upon Tyne. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2367-2382. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000136110

Chai, Y. (2014). From socialistdanweito newdanwei: a daily-life-based framework for sustainable development in urban China. Asian Geographer, 31(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2014.942948

Chan, J. H., Iankova, K., Zhang, Y., McDonald, T., & Qi, X. (2016). The role of self-gentrification in sustainable tourism: Indigenous entrepreneurship at Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site, China. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8-9), 1262-1279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1189923

Clark, E. (1988). The rent gap and transformation of the built enviroment: case studies in Malmo 1860-1985. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 70(2), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1988.11879569

Congressional - Executive Commission on China. (2018). Campaign of Forced Evictions in Beijing Contravenes International Human Rights Standards. Retrieved from https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/campaign-of-forced-evictions-in-beijing-contravenes-international

Davidson, M. (2008). Spoiled Mixture: Where Does State-led `Positive' Gentrification End? Urban Studies, 45(12), 2385-2405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008097105

Davidson, M., & Lees, L. (2005). New-Build ‘Gentrification’ and London's Riverside Renaissance. 37(7), 1165-1190. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3739

E-House China. (2018). Ziroom: Winning in China’s Housing Rental Services Market. Retrieved from https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/ziroom-winning-chinas-housing-rental-services-market/

Elmer, K. (2018, November 18). A year after deadly Daxing fire, no let-up in campaign to marginalise migrant workers. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2173745/year-after-deadly-daxing-fire-no-let-campaign-marginalise-migrant

Friedmann, J. (2007). Reflections on Place and Place-making in the Cities of China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31(2), 257-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00726.x

Gaudreau, M. (2013). Situating Adaptive Enviromental Governance: Non-governmental Actors in the Protection of Nanjing's Qinhuai River. (Master's of Globalization and International Development, University of Ottawa, Canada). Retrieved from Retrieved from https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/24285

Ghertner, D. A. (2015). Why gentrification theory fails in ‘much of the world’. City, 19(4), 552-563. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1051745

Glass, R. L. (1964). London: aspects of change (Vol. 3). MacGibbon & Kee.

González Martínez, P. (2016). Authenticity as a challenge in the transformation of Beijing's urban heritage: The commercial gentrification of the Guozijian historic area. Cities, 59, 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.05.026

Hamnett, C. (1991). The Blind Men and the Elephant: The Explanation of Gentrification. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 16(2), 173. https://doi.org/10.2307/622612

Harvey, D. (2003). The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

He, S. (2007). State-Sponsored Gentrification Under Market Transition: the case of Shanghai. Urban Affairs Review, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087407305175

He, S. (2009). New-build gentrification in central Shanghai: demographic changes and socioeconomic implications. Population, Space and Place, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.548

He, S. (2012). Two waves of gentrification and emerging rights issues in Guangzhou, China.

Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 44(12), 2817-2833. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44254

He, S. (2015). Consuming urban living in ‘villages in the city’: Studentification in Guangzhou, China. Urban Studies, 52(15), 2849-2873. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014543703

He, S. (2019). Three Waves of State-led Gentrification in China. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 110(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12334

He, S., & Wu, F. (2005). Property-Led Redevelopment in Post-Reform China: A Case Study of Xintiandi Redevelopment Project in Shanghai. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00222.x

He, S., & Wu, F. (2009). China's Emerging Neoliberal Urbanism: Perspectives from Urban Redevelopment. Antipode, 41(2), 282-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00673.x

He, S., Zhang, M., & Wei, Z. (2020). The state project of crisis management: China’s Shantytown Redevelopment Schemes under state-led financialization. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52(3), 632-653.

Hu, S., Song, W., Li, C., & Lu, J. (2019). School-gentrifying community in the making in China: Its formation mechanisms and socio-spatial consequences. Habitat International, 93, 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102045

Huang, X., & Yang, Y. (2017). Urban redevelopment, gentrification and gentrifiers in post-reform inland China: A case study of Chengdu, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 27(1), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-017-0852-3

Jackson, L. K. (2017). The Complications of Colonialism for Gentrification Theory and Marxist Geography. Journal of Law and Social Policy, 27, 43-71. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/jlsp/vol27/iss1/4/

Janoschka, M., Sequera, J., & Salinas, L. (2014). Gentrification in Spain and Latin America - a Critical Dialogue. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1234-1265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12030

Kaiman, J. (2017, November 29). In Beijing, a mass eviction leads to a rare public display of rage. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-evictions-20171130-story.html

Lees, L. (2016). Planetary gentrification. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Ley, D. (1986). Alternative Explanations for Inner-City Gentrification: A Canadian Assessment. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 76(4), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1986.tb00134.x

Ley, D. (1994). Gentrification and the politics of the new middle class. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 12(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1068/d120053

Ley, D. (2003). Artists, Aestheticisation and the Field of Gentrification. Urban Studies, 40(12), 2527-2544. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000136192

Ley, D., & Teo, S. Y. (2014). Gentrification in Hong Kong? Epistemology vs. Ontology. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1286-1303. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12109

Li, G. (2018). Spatial-Temporal Patterns of the Distribution of the Ethnic Minorities in China's Urbanization (Master of Arts in Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada). Retrieved from https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/37077

Liang, Z.-X., & Bao, J.-G. (2015). Tourism gentrification in Shenzhen, China: causes and socio-spatial consequences. Tourism Geographies, 17(3), 461-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.1000954

Lin, G. C. S. (2012). Chinese metropolises in transformation: state power reshuffling, land commodification and uneven urban development. Paper presented at the International Conference on Spatial and Social Transformation in Urban China, Hong Kong.

Liu, L., & Xu, Z. (2018). Collaborative governance: A potential approach to preventing violent demolition in China. Cities, 79, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.019

Liu, R., & Wong, T.-C. (2018). Urban village redevelopment in Beijing: The state-dominated formalization of informal housing. Cities, 72, 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.08.008

Liu, Y., Geertman, S., Van Oort, F., & Lin, Y. (2018). Making the ‘Invisible’ Visible: Redevelopment-induced Displacement of Migrants in Shenzhen, China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 42(3), 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12646

Liu, Z., & Cao, H. (2016). Spatio-temporal urban social landscape transformation in pre-new-urbanization era of Tianjin, China. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 44(3), 398-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813516637606

López-Morales, E. (2015). Gentrification in the global South. City, 19(4), 564-573. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1051746

Maloutas, T. (2012). Contextual Diversity in Gentrification Research. Critical Sociology, 38(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920510380950

Man, J. Y., Zheng, S., & Ren, R. (2011). Housing Policy and Housing Markets:

Trends, Patterns, and Affordability. In J. Y. Man (Ed.), China’s Housing Reform and Outcomes. Cambridge, Mass: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Mermet, A.-C. (2017). Global retail capital and the city: towards an intensification of gentrification. Urban Geography, 38(8), 1158-1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1200328

Palen, J. J., & London, B. (1984). Gentrification, Displacement, and Neighborhood Revitalization: State University of New York Press.

Phillips, T. (2017, December 8). The gentrification of Beijing: razing of migrant villages spells end of China dream. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/beijing-gentrification-china-migrant-villages-destroyed

Qian, J., He, S., & Liu, L. (2013). Aestheticisation, rent-seeking, and rural gentrification amidst China's rapid urbanisation: The case of Xiaozhou village, Guangzhou. ournal of Rural Studies, 32, 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.08.002

Ren, J. (2015). Gentrification in China? In L. Lees, H. B. Shin & E. L. Morales (Eds.), Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement (pp. 329-347). Bristol: Policy Press.

Shaw, K. (2008). Gentrification: What It Is, Why It Is, and What Can Be Done about It. Geography Compass, 2(5), 1697-1728. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00156.x

Shi, S. (2017, November 29). 图解:北京最新清理整治行动,影响范围有多广?[Diagram Illustration: The Most Recent Beijing Clean Up Movement, What are the impacts?]. Retrieved from https://www.ftchinese.com/story/001075262?archive

Shin, H. B. (2013). The Right to the City and Critical Reflections on China's Property Rights Activism. Antipode. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12010

Shin, H. B. (2016). Economic transition and speculative urbanisation in China: Gentrification versus dispossession. Urban Studies, 53(3), 471-489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015597111

Sieg, H., Smith, V. K., Banzhaf, H. S., & Walsh, R. (2004). Estimating the General Equilibrium Benefits of Large Changes in Spatially Delineated Public Goods. International Economic Review, 45(4), 1047-1077. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3663619

Smith, D. P. (2002a). Extending the temporal and spatial limits of gentrification: a research agenda for population geographers. International Journal of Population Geography, 8(6), 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.267

Smith, D. P. (2004). ‘Studentification ication’: the gentrification factory? In R. Atkinson & G. Bridge (Eds.), Gentrification in a Global Context (pp. 72-89) London: Routledge.

Smith, N. (1979). Toward a Theory of Gentrification A Back to the City Movement by Capital, not People. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 538-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944367908977002

Smith, N. (1982). Gentrification and Uneven Development. Economic Geography, 58(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.2307/143793

Smith, N. (1996). The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. Florence: Routledge.

Smith, N. (2002b). New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy. Antipode, 34(3), 427-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00249

Solinger, D. J. (1999). Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Song, W., Liu, C., Wang, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2017). Rent gap and gentrification in the inner city of Nanjing. ACTA Geographica Sinica, 72(12), 2115-2130. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201712001

Song, W., & Wu, Q. (2010). Gentrification and residential differentiation in Nanjing, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 20(6), 568-576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-010-0432-2

Song, W., & Zhu, X. (2011). Gentrification in Urban China under Market Transformation. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 14(2), 152-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2010.9693673

Visser, G., & Kotze, N. (2008). The State and New-build Gentrification in Central Cape Town, South Africa. Urban Studies, 45(12), 2565-2593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008097104

Wang, J., & Lau, S. S. Y. (2009). Gentrification and Shanghai’s new middle-class: Another reflection on the cultural consumption thesis. 26(2), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.01.004

Wang, S. W.-H. (2011). Commercial Gentrification and Entrepreneurial Governance in Shanghai: A Case Study of Taikang Road Creative Cluster. Urban Policy and Research, 29(4), 363-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2011.598226

Wang, X., & Aoki, N. (2019). Paradox between neoliberal urban redevelopment, heritage conservation, and community needs: Case study of a historic neighbourhood in Tianjin, China. Cities, 85, 156-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.09.004

Wang, Y. P., & Murie, A. (1996). The Process of Commercialisation of Urban Housing in China. Urban Studies, 33(6), 971-989. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43100335

Weiler, L. (2015). Navigating Ethnic Identity in Neighbourhoods of Difference: Resident Perceptions of Urban Space in Ürümqi, China (MA in Globalization and International Development, University of Ottawa, Canada). Retrieved from https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/32498

Wu, F. (2016). State Dominance in Urban Redevelopment: Beyond Gentrification in Urban China. Urban Affairs Review, 52(5), 631-658. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087415612930

Wu, Q., Edensor, T., & Cheng, J. (2018). Beyond Space: Spatial (Re)Production and Middle-Class Remaking Driven by Jiaoyufication in Nanjing City, China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 42(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12568

Wu, Q., Zhang, X., & Waley, P. (2016). Jiaoyufication: When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city. Urban Studies, 53(16), 3510-3526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015613234

Wu, W., & Wang, J. (2017). Gentrification effects of China’s urban village renewals. Urban Studies, 54(1), 214-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016631905

Xinhua News Agency (2018, August 20). 谁在操纵北京房租上涨?房产中介高价抢收房源 [What leads to the increase of rent in Beijing? Real Estate Agents Pay High Price for Getting the Units]. In Xinhua Net. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-08/20/c_1123294145.htm

Xue, D. (1999). Research on gentrification in western countries and its implications for urban socio-spatial research in China. Planner, 15(3), 109-112.

Yang, Q., & Ley, D. (2018). Residential relocation and the remaking of socialist workers through state-facilitated urban redevelopment in Chengdu, China. Urban Studies, 004209801879072. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018790724

Yang, Q., & Zhou, M. (2018). Interpreting gentrification in Chengdu in the post-socialist transition of China: A sociocultural perspective. Geoforum, 93, 120-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.05.014

Yuan, S., Niu, M., Shi, W., Hong, T., Yanan, Q., & Teng, J. X. (2019, September 16). In Depth: The Violence Behind ‘Shantytown’ Redevelopment. In Caixin Global. Retrieved from https://www.caixinglobal.com/2019-09-16/in-depth-the-violence-behind-shantytown-redevelopment-101462547.html

Zhang, X., Hu, J., Skitmore, M., & Leung, B. Y. P. (2014). Inner-City Urban Redevelopment in China Metropolises and the Emergence of Gentrification: Case of Yuexiu, Guangzhou. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 140(4), 05014004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000169

Zhang, Y. (2018). Domicide, social suffering and symbolic violence in contemporary Shanghai, China. Urban Geography, 39(2), 190-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1298978

Zhang, Z., & He, S. (2018). Chapter 9: Gentrification-induced displacement. In L. Lees & M. Phillips (Eds.), Handbook of Gentrification Studies (pp. 134-152). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Zhao, Z. (2018, August 27). 棚改10年来全国累计开工3896万套 圆一亿人安居梦 [Shandytown Redevelopment in the Past 10 Years Includes 38.96 Units Help 100 Million People to Reach thier Dreams]. In People.cn Retrieved from http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0827/c1001-30252340.html

Zhou, W. (2017, February 22). In Depth: The Violence Behind ‘Shantytown’ Redevelopment. In Caixin Global. Retrieved from https://www.caixinglobal.com/2019-09-16/in-depth-the-violence-behind-shantytown-redevelopment-101462547.html

Zukin, S., Trujillo, V., Frase, P., Jackson, D., Recuber, T., & Walker, A. (2009). New Retail Capital and Neighborhood Change: Boutiques and Gentrification in New York City. City & Community, 8(1), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01269.x