The urban regulation of rural land from the perspective of the new Law for the Promotion of Territorial Sustainability in Andalusia (Andalusian Land Law)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Since their inception, various urban planning laws have focused on meeting the growth needs of cities, with urban planning as a discipline paying minimal attention to rural settlement planning. It can, therefore sound clichéd to say that urban planning legislation has been mainly concerned with regulating urban and developable land, with residual or negative status being given to undevelopable or rural land. This has had major territorial impacts that continue to this day. The proposed subject of this paper is considered timely and topical, and its main objective is to analyse whether the planning instruments proposed in the Law for the Promotion of Territorial Sustainability in Andalusia (LISTA, acronym in Spanish) for rural settlements and scattered buildings can help regulate rural land dynamics in Andalusia. To do so, we will first model the patterns of settlement formation and isolated dwellings on rural land using geostatistical methods, and then carry out an analysis of the provisions of these latest rural land management laws, which will affect the planning regulations of this land in the coming years.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Amado, M.P., Ramal hete, I., Amado, A.R., & Freitas, J.C. (2016). Regeneration of informal areas: An integrated approach, Cities, (58), 59-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.05.015
Amat-Montesinos, X. (2011). The urbanizing expansion in the interior of Alicante. Indicators and uncertainties. In Expansive Urbanism. From Utopia to Reality (pp. 29-40). Proceedings of the XXII Congress of Spanish Geographers. Alicante (Spain), October 26-29.
Andersen, H.T., Møller-Jensen, L., & Engelstoft, S. (2011). The End of Urbanization? Towards a New Urban Concept or Rethinking Urbanization, European Planning Studies, 19(4), 595-611. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2011
Andrés-López, G., & González-González, M.J. (2019). Diffuse urbanisation and irregular urban growth: processes and trends in medium-sized cities in the Castilla y Leon region (Spain). Finisterra, LIV(112),3 26. https://doi.org/10.18055/Finis17100
Arroyo, M. (2001). Counter-urbanization: a methodological and conceptual debate on the dynamics of metropolitan areas. Scripta Nova, (97). http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn-97.htm
Artigues-Bonet, A.A., & Rullán-Salamanca, O. (2007). New model of residential production and dispersed urban territory (Mallorca, 1998-2006). Scripta Nova, XI(245). http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-24510.htm.
AxarquíaPlus, Redacción (2019, May 19). SOHA reports on the statement of the Andalusian Governing Council on homes in an irregular situation in the Axarquía. AxarquíaPlus. https://www.axarquiaplus.es/soha-informa-sobre-el-comunicado-del-consejo-de-gobierno-andaluz-sobre-las-viviendas-en-situacion-irregular-en-la-axarquia/
Badia, A., Cebollada, À., Vera, A., Gisbert, M., Mendizábal, E., & Tulla, A.F. (2021). Land occupation in a municipality of the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona: challenges and opportunities. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, (89). https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.3087
Bauer, G., & Roux, J.M. (1976). Rurbanization or the scattered city. Éditions du Seuil. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4813790r/f11.item.texteImage
Besag, J., & Clifford, P. (1989). Generalized Monte Carlo significance tests. Biometrika, (76), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/76.4.633
Bookchin, M. (1978). The city limits. H. Blume Ediciones.
Capdepón-Frías, M. (2016). Environmental conflicts derived from urbanization tourist-residential. A case applied to the Aicante coastline. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, (71), 31-57. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2273
Catalán, B., Saurí, D., & Serra, P. (2008). Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean? Patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region 1993–2000, Landscape and Urban Planning, (85), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2007.11.004
Cebrián-Abellán, F. (2007). Cities with limits and cities without limits. Manifestations of the diffuse city in Castilla-La Mancha. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, (43). https://bage.age-geografia.es/ojs/index.php/bage/article/view/589
Clark, J., & Jones, A. (2008). The spatialities of Europeanisation: territory, government, and power in ‘EUrope’. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, (33), 300-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2008.00309.x
Chia-An, K. (2016). Incorporating spatial regression model into cellular automata for simulating land use change. Applied Geography, (69), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.02.005
Christophers. B. (2011). Revisiting the Urbanization of Capital. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101(6), 1347-1364. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2011.583569
Corbelle, E., Crecente, R., & Santé, I. (2012). Multi-scale assessment and spatial modelling of agricultural land abandonment in a European peripheral region: Galicia (Spain), 1956-2004. Land Use Policy, (29), 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.08.008
De la Cruz, M. (2006). Introduction to analyzing mapped data or some of the (many) things I can do if I have coordinates. Ecosistemas (Revista Científica y Técnica de Ecología y Medio Ambiente), 15(3), 19-39. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/7701/1/ECO_15(3)_03.pdf
De Santiago-Rodríguez, S. (2020). A review of the Andalusian regulation on housing on Non-Developable Land: the management of disseminated rural habitat and the fight against irregular buildings. Urban Practice, (167). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347694886_Un_repaso_a_la_regulacion_andaluza_sobre_las_viviendas_en_Suelo_No_Urbanizable_la_ordenacion_del_habitat_rural_diseminado_y_la_lucha_contra_las_edificaciones_irregulares
Dige, G., Interwies, E., & Zamparutti, T. (2010). Land in Europe: prices, taxes and use patterns. In European Environment Agency Technical report No 4/2010). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282975510_Land_in_Europe_prices_taxes_and_use_patterns
Escudero-Gómez, L.A. (2018). Diffuse urbanization of the secondary circuit of capitalist accumulation: Toledo (Spain). Ería, (3), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.17811/er.3.2018.327-343
Escudero-Gómez, L.A (2018). Diffuse urbanization processes and fragmented urban structures: the case of Toledo (Castilla-La Mancha, España). Ciudad y Territorio. Estudios Territoriales, L(197), 517-538. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/download/76680/46996/
Ewing, R., Pendall, R., & Chen, D. (2003). Measuring Sprawl and Its Transportation Impacts. Transportation Research Record, 1831(1), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.3141/1831-20
Farrell, R.H. (1972). On the Best Obtainable Asymptotic Rates of Convergence in Estimation of a Density Function at a Point. The Annals of Mathematics and Statistics, (43), 170-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177692711
Ferrara, A., Salvati, L., Sabbi, A., & Colantoni, A. (2014). Soil resources, land cover changes and rural areas: Towards a spatial mismatch? Science of the Total Environment, (478), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.040
Franz, G., Maier, G., & Schröck, P. (2006). Urban Sprawl. How useful is this concept? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23731910_Urban_Sprawl_How_Useful_Is_This_Concept
Gaja i Díaz, F. (2008). The "urbanizing tsunami" on the Mediterranean coast. The cycle of real estate hyperproduction 1996-2006. Scripta Nova XII(270). http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-270/sn-270-66.htm
Galacho-Jiménez, F.B. (2011). Territorial implications and social aspects of diffuse urbanism in areas of rural-urban transition. His analysis in the province of Malaga (Spain). In Expansive Urbanism. From Utopia to Reality (pp. 267-278). Proceedings of the XXII Congress of Spanish Geographers. Alicante (España), October 26-29.
Galacho-Jiménez, F.B. (2012). The irruption of the urban process in rural spaces. Reflections on the characteristics of a new form of relationship between territory and economy. In C. Delgado, J. Juaristi & S. Tomé (Coords.), Cities and Urban Landscapes in the XXI Century (pp. 297-314). Ediciones de Librería Estvdio.
Galacho-Jiménez, F.B., & Reyes-Corredera, S. (2015). Estimation of association patterns and distribution patterns of isolated buildings in rural spaces using GIS and techniques based on specific processes. In J. de la Riva, P. Ibarra, R. Montorio & M. Rodrigues (Eds.), Spatial analysis and geographical representation: innovation and application (pp. 601-610). Proceedings of XXIV Congress of Spanish Geographers. Zaragoza (España), October 28-30.
García-Bellido, J. (1986). The rural question: an inquiry as to the urban production of rural space. Ciudad y Territorio Estudios Territoriales, (69), 9-51. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/view/82085
García-García, M. (2017). The Spanish coast: More than a quarter of a century adrift. ZARCH, Cities and Urban Forms, (8), 274-286. https://papiro.unizar.es/ojs/index.php/zarch/article/download/2161/1955
García-Martín. F.M., & Carcelén-González, R. (2020). Territory and tourism on the Costa Cálida.
From a ravenous consumption to a non-coastal tsunami, 1960-2020. Evolution and
dynamics of the forms of tourism in theRegion of Murcia. Investigación e Innovación en Arquitectura y Territorio, 8(2). 31-50. https://doi.org/10.14198/i2.2020.2.03
García-Sanabria, J., García-Onetti, J., & Barragán-Muñoz, J.M. (2011). The Autonomous Communities and the integrated management of the coastal areas of Spain. Materials for a governance debate. Universidad de Cádiz. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1295.5203
Gargiulo, V., Rontos, K., & Salvati, L. (2014). Between suburbanisation and re-urbanisation: revisiting the urban life cycle in a Mediterranean compact city. Urban Research & Practice, (7), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2014.885744
Getis, A., & Frankiln, J. (1987) Second-order neighborhod analysis of mapped point patterns. Ecology, (68), 473-477. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938452
Gil-Meseger, E., & Gómez-Espín, J.M. (2018). The transfer of water from the Negratín reservoir (Granada) to the Cuevas de Almanzora reservoir (Almería). The connection Negratín – Almanzora (C N-A). Ediciones de la Universidad de Murcia.
Gómez-Moreno, M.L. (2020). Territory, town and city in 2011 Malaga Urban Planning: farming and urban planning in Málaga Hills. Ciudad y Territorio. Estudios territoriales, LII(204), 229-246. https://doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2020.204.03
González-Ordovás, M.J. (2000). Urban policies and strategies. The distribution of private and public space in the city. Editorial Fundamentos.
Goreaud, F., & Pélissier, R. (1999). On explicit formulas of edge effect correction for Ripley´s K-function. Journal of Vegetation Science, (10), 433-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237072
Górgolas Martin, P. (2017). Sub-regional territorial planning on the coast Andalusian: of "condescension" with general planning in force to the "adulteration" of the city model regulated in the Territorial Planning Plan of Andalusia. Urban Practice, 147. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6054703
Haase, P. (1995). Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley’s K-function: Introduction and methods of edge correction. Journal of Vegetation Science, (6), 575-582. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236356
Haregeweyna, N., Fikadub, G., Tsunekawaa, A., Tsuboa, M., & Mesheshaa, D.T. (2012). The dynamics of urban expansion and its impacts on land use/land cover change and small-scale farmers living near the urban fringe: A case study of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Landscape and Urban Planning, (106), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.02.016
Harvey, D. (2007). Spaces of capital. Towards a critical geography. Akal.
Hof, A., & Blázquez-Salom, M. (2013). The Linkages between Real Estate Tourism and Urban Sprawl in Majorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Land, (2), 252-277. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2020252
Indovina, F. (1998). Some considerations about the "diffuse city". Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, (33), 21-32. https://raco.cat/index.php/DocumentsAnalisi/article/view/31661
Indovina, F. (2006). The sustainable city: we sustain the city. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, (46), 15-39. https://raco.cat/index.php/DocumentsAnalisi/article/view/55381
Indovina, F. (2013). Towards a new metropolitan dimension. Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia, (75), 149-164. https://raco.cat/index.php/TreballsSCGeografia/article/view/268047
Jordano, J., Arteaga, C., Cortés, Á., Díaz, A., Garrido, F.J., Gutiérrez, V., Gamero, E., & Sánchez, A. (2015). The urbanism of the crisis: the regularization of illegal buildings and the regime of assimilation to out of order. Tecnos.
Jiménez-Barrado, V. & Campesino-Fernández, A.J. (2017). Relocation of the urban and impact on the rural world: rururbanization in "bedroom villages" of Cáceres capital. Cuadernos Geográficos, 57(3), 243-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/cuadgeo.v57i3.6239
Junta de Andalucía (2022). Draft Decree approving the Regulation of Law 7/2021, of December 1, on the promotion of the sustainability of the territory of Andalusia in the Junta de Andalucía. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/servicios/participacion/normativa/consulta-previa/detalle/234847.html
Khosrow-Pour, M. (2018). Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Engineering and Environmental Science. IGI Global's. http://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7359-3
Ku, C.A. (2016). Incorporating spatial regression model into cellular automata for simulating land use change. Applied Geography, (69), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.02.005
Laney, R.M. (2004). A process-led approach to modeling land change in agricultural landscapes: a case study from Madagascar. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, (101), 135-153. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.004
Larrubia Vargas, R. (2015). The rural space. Concept and geographical reality. BAETICA. Studies of Modern and Contemporary History, (20), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.24310/BAETICA.1998.v0i20.509
Lefebvre, H. (1976). Reflections on the politics of space. Ediciones Península.
López-Casado, D. (2021). An urban phenomenon embedded in the paradigm shift of informal urbanisation: illegal allotments in the municipality of Cordoba. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, (90). https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.3082
Luo, Y., Lü, Y., Liua, L., Liang, H., Li, T., & Ren, Y. (2020). Spatiotemporal scale and integrative methods matter for quantifying the driving forces of land cover change. Science of the Total Environment, (739), 139622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139622
Luque-Revuelto, R.M. (2021). Territorial transformations of coastal areas: analysis of the Costa Malagueña in the second half of the twentieth century. Estudios Geográficos, 82(290), e062. https://doi.org/10.3989/estgeogr.202074.074
Marriott, F.H.C. (1979). Barnard’s Monte Carlo tests: how many simulations? Annual Review of Statistics and His Application, (28), 75-77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i316073
Meerow, S., Newell, J.P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, (147), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
Melendez, I., Hernández, E.I., Navarro, J., & Gómez, I. (2014). Socioeconomic factors influencing land cover changes in rural areas: The case of the Sierra de Albarracín (Spain). Applied Geography, (52), 34-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.013 0
Miguez-Macho, L. (2014). The application of regional urban planning legislation within the framework of the consolidated text of the Land Law: the case of Galicia. Dereito (Monográfico: Estudios sobre la modernización administrativa), 275-396. https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10347/9960/08-Miguez.pdf?sequence=1
Mitchell, A. (2005). The ESRI guide to GIS analysis. California (US): Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. https://ingenio.upm.es/primo-xplore/fulldisplay/34UPM_ALMA2161249730004212/34UPM_VU1
Molina-de-la-Torre, I., & Martínez-Fernández, L.C. (2014). The regulations of territorial planning in rural areas of low population density: a review from the Geography. Polígonos (26), 277-320. http://revpubli.unileon.es/ojs/index.php/poligonos/article/download/1707/1367
Muñiz, I., & García-López, M.A. (2013). Anatomy of urban sprawl in Barcelona. EURE, 39(116). 189-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612013000100008
Nagendra, H., Munroe, D.K., & Southworth, J. (2004). From pattern to process: landscape fragmentation and the analysis of land use/land cover change. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, (101), 111-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.003
Navalón-García, R. (1994). Notes on the urban regime of the rural environment: the treatment of non-developable land in the planning of the tourist municipalities of Alicante. Investigaciones Geográficas (Spain), (12), 133-146. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/111607.pdf
Navarro Cerrillo, R.M., Palacios Rodríguez, G., Clavero Rumbao, I., Lara, M., Bonet, F.J., & Mesas-Carrascosa, F.J. (2020). Modeling Major Rural Land-Use Changes Using the GIS-Based Cellular Automata Metronamica Model: The Case of Andalusia (Southern Spain). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(7), 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070458
Obiahua, O.H., & Elias, E. (2020). Effect of land use land cover changes on the rate of soil erosion in the Upper Eyiohia river catchment of Afikpo North Area, Nigeria. Environmental Challenges, (1), 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2020.100002
Olazabal, E., & Bellet, C. (2019). From the compact city to the sprawling city. Recent urbanization processes in Spanish urban areas articulated by medium cities. Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense, 39(1), 149-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/AGUC.64681
Olmedo Pérez, S. (2016). Reflections on clandestine buildings on non-developable land in Andalusia and the attempts of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia for redirection. Urban Practice, 139. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5615804
Orduña Giró, P., Pesoa, M., & Sabaté, J. (2018). Representations of rural land metropolitan in Italian planning during the twentieth century: the case of Bologna. Cuadernos Geográficos, 57(1), 219-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/cuadgeo.v57i1.5831
Pan, W.K.Y., Walsh, E.J., Bilsborrowa, R.E., Frizzelle, B.G., Erlien, C.M., & Baquero, F. (2004). Farm-level models of spatial patterns of land use and land cover dynamics in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, (101), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.022
Ralha, C.G., Abreu, C.G., Coelho, C.G.C., Zaghetto, A., Macchiavello, B., & Machado, R.B. (2013). A multi-agent model system for land-use change simulation. Environmental Modelling & Software, (42), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.12.003
Ripley, B.D. (1977). Modelling Spatial Patterns. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 39(2), 172-212. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i349764
Ripley, B.D. (1981). Spatial Statistic. Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471725218.
Rodden, J. (2010). The Geographic Distribution of Political Preferences. Annual Review of Political Science, (13), 321-340. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.031607.092945
Romero-Jiménez, G. (2016). Urban discipline versus regularization of buildings on the non-developable land of Andalusia. Práctica urbanística: Revista mensual de urbanismo, (141). http://urbaweb.blogspot.com/2015/10/entrada-2.html
Rozas, V., & Camarero, J.J. (2005). Spatial analysis techniques of point patterns applied in forest ecology. Investigación agraria. Sistemas y recursos forestales, 14(1), 79-97. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1128433
Rubiera, F., González, V.M., & Rivero, J.L.P. (2016). Urban sprawl in Spain: differences among cities and causes. European Planning Studies, (24), 207-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1080230
Salvati, L., Munafo, M., Gargiulo-Morelli, V., & Sabbi, A. (2012). Low-density settlements and land use changes in a Mediterranean urban región. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105(1-2), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.11.020
Salvati, L., & Morelli, G. (2014). Unveiling Urban Sprawl in the Mediterranean Region: Towards a Latent Urban Transformation? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, (38), 1935-1953. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12135
Santos, J.M., Azcárate, M.V., Cocero, D., & Muguruza, C. (2013): Measurement of urban dispersion, in a GIS environment. Application to the study of urban development in the Community of Madrid (1990-2006). GeoFocus, 13(1), 48-75. https://www.geofocus.org/index.php/geofocus/article/view/261
Santos, J.M., Azcárate, M.V., Cocero, D., García, F.J., & Muguruza, C. (2014). The procedures of spatial disaggregation of the population and its application to the analysis of the model of the dispersed city. The case of the urban agglomerations of Madrid and Granada. GeoFocus, (11), 91-117. https://www.geofocus.org/index.php/geofocus/article/view/214
Serra, P., Vera, A., Tulla, A.F., & Salvati, L. (2014) Beyond urban–rural dichotomy: Exploring socioeconomic and land-use processes of change in Spain (1991–2011). Applied Geography, (55), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.09.005
Silverman, B.W. (1986). Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. Chapman & Hall. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3324-9
Song, W., & Liu, M. (2014). Assessment of decoupling between rural settlement area and rural population in China. Land Use Policy, (39), 331-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.002
Tadese, M., Kumar, L., Koech, R., & Kogo, B.K. (2020). Mapping of land-use/land-cover changes and its dynamics in Awash River Basin using remote sensing and GIS. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, (19), 100352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100352
The Property Finders (2022). In Andalucía Property Market. https://www.thepropertyfinders.com/andalucia-property-market/
Tian, G., Ouyang, Y., Quan, Q., & Wub, J. (2011). Simulating spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization with multi-agent systems. A case study of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA. Ecological Modelling, (222), 1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.12.018
Tomaz, C., Alegria, C., Massano, J., & Canavarro, M. (2013). Land cover change and afforestation of marginal and abandoned agricultural land: A 10-year analysis in a Mediterranean region. Forest Ecology and Management, (308), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.044
Ubilla-Bravo, G. (2019). Rururbanization, suburbanization and reconcentration of the earth: spatial effects of rural instruments in the peri-urban areas of Chile. AGER: Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural, (28), 75-106. https://doi.org/10.4422/ager.2019.07
Upton, G.J.G., & Fingleton, B. (1985) Spatial Data Analysis by Example. Point Pattern and Quantitative Data. Chichester/New York/Brisbane/Toronto/Singapore: Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710280603
Xie, X., & Wu, J. (2014). Some Improvement on Convergence Rates of Kernel Density Estimator. Applied Mathematics, (5), 1684-1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/am.2014.511161
Yus Ramos, R., & Torres Delgado, M.A. (2010). Diffuse urbanism on rustic land: environmental deterioration and corruption in the province of Malaga (the case of the Axarquía). GENA-Ecologistas en Acción.
Źróbek-Różańska, A. & Zadworny, D. (2016). Can urban sprawl lead to urban people governing rural areas? Evidence from the Dywity Commune, Poland. Cities, (59), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.06.003